המשטר במרוקו לאחר עזיבת הצרפתים

תקציר העבודה:

מטרת העבודה הנוכחית היא לסקור את בניית המדינה המרוקנית שהושתתה בעיקרה על יסודות חילוניים. העבודה הנוכחית תעסוק במשטר של המדינה המרוקנית כפי שעוצב ע"י מלך מרוקו, לאחר עזיבת הצרפתים את המדינה.
שאלת המחקר היא כיצד הצליחו לעצב מדינה מוסלמית על בסיס מודרני יחסית.

הצרפתים הקימו מוסדות והכתיבו כללי מנהל, ששירתו את העם המרוקני לאחר מכן. הם איחדו בצורה טובה את העם, הן מדעת והן שלא מדעת- על ידי התנהגותם הכמעט אימפריאליסטית, הם כוננו מערכת כספים מודרנית ובכללם מערכת בנקאות, ולאט לאט הכניסו יותר ויותר צעירים ברברים למערכת. בהשוואה למנדאט הצרפתי בסוריה למשל או למנדאט הבריטי בעיראק, צרפת עשתה רבות להכנת האוכלוסיה לשלטון עצמי, אף שעשתה זאת מטובתה האישית.
לאחר קבלת העצמאות, התקדמות המדינה "נתקעה". המרוקנים, שמאוד רצו בעצמאות מוחלטת, לא השכילו לנצל את היתרונות היחסיים של ארצם (כמו מחצבים וכח עבודה זול) וללא עזרה חיצונית מצרפת ומארה"ב בעיקר בהזרמת כספים, המדינה לא היתה מצליחה לשמור על יציבותה.
מלך מרוקו שהומלך אחר עזיבת הצרפתים אכן האמין בכך, אולם היסודות הצרפתיים המודרניים גרמו לו לשלטון יחסית מתקדם, כפי שנראה להלן.
העבודה תסקור את התקדמות המדינה המרוקנית, המשטר, היחס לאסלאם, היחס למערכת המשפט וכד'.

ראשי פרקים:
1 מבוא
2 פעולות הצרפתים לקיום מדינה מודרנית
3 מוסדות השלטון
3.1 החינוך
3.2 הרפורמות במשפט המוסלמי
3.3 מעמד השופטים
4 הרפורמות לאחר קבלת העצמאות
4.1 רפורמות כלכליות
4.2 מחסור בהשקעות תעשייתיות
4.3 המוסדות המדיניים לאחר העצמאות
4.4 המפלגות העיקריות
4.5 שלטון המלך והשמרנים
4.6 הדמוקרטיזציה
5 המצב המשפטי כיום
6 סיכום
7 ביבליוגרפיה
8 נספח- החוקה שהתקבלה ב- 1996

קטע מהעבודה:

מקורות:

the King shall, in the meantime, exercise the powers lying with the Parliament in terms of law making, in addition to those conferred upon him by this Constitution.
ARTICLE 73
When a House is dissolved, the one succeeding it shall not be dissolved until a year after its election.
ARTICLE 74
The declaration of war shall be announced after notifying the House of' Representatives and the House of Counsellors.
RELATIONS BETWEEN PARLIAMENT AND
THE GOVERNMENT
ARTICLE 75
The Prime Minister may engage the responsibility of the Government before the House of Representatives through a vote of confidence regarding a statement on a general policy or a proposal requesting the approval thereof'.
Confidence shall be withdrawn and a bill rejected only by an absolute majority vote of the Members of the House of' Representatives.
The vote shall be held three clear days after the matter of the vote of confidence has been raised.
Withdrawal of confidence shall entail the resignation of the Government in a body.
ARTICLE 76
The House of Representative may put into question the pursuance of the Government's responsibilities by adopting a censure motion. Such a motion shall be acceptable only if signed by at least one -fourth of the members of the House.
The censure motion shall be approved by the House of Representatives only by an absolute majority vote of its members. Voting shall take place three clear days only after the motion has been introduced.
The vote for censure shall entail the resignation of the Govemment in a body.
Should the Govemment be censured by the House of Representatives, no other censure motion shall be acceptable before a year has elapsed.
ARTICLE 77
The House of Counsellors may vote warning or censure motions against the Government.
The warning motion must be signed by at least one third of the members of the House of Counsellors.It shall be voted by the absolute majority of the members of the House . Voting shall take place three clear days after the motion has been introduced.
The text of the warning shall be sent forthwith by the President of the House of Counsellors to the Prime Minister who shall, within six days, present before the House of Counsellors, the Government's position concerning the reasons which prompted the warning.
The government's statement shall be followed by a debate without a vote.
The censure motion shall not be introduced unless it is signed by at least one third of the members of the House of Counsellors. It shall be approved only after a vote by a 2/3 majority of the members of the House.Voting shall take place three days after the motion has been introduced.
The vote for censure shall entail the joint resignation of the Government.
Should the Government be censured by the House of Counsellors, no other censure motion shall be introduced in the House of Counsellors before a year has elapsed.
CHAPTER SIX :
THE CONS'TITUTIONAL COUNCIL
ARTICLE 78
A Constitutional Council shall be established.
ARTICLE 79
The Constitutional Council shall be made up of six members appointed by the King for a nine -year period.
Upon consultation with parliamentary groups, six other members shall be appointed for the same period, half of them by the President of the House of Representatives and the other half by the President of the House of Counsellors. A third of each category of members shall be renewed every three
years.
The chairman of the Constitutional Council shall be selected by the king among the members appointed by him.
The Chairman and the members of the Counstitutional Council shall serve for a non renewable term of office.
ARTICLE 80
An organic law shall govern the organisation and work of the Constitutional Council as well as the procedure it shall adopt, particularly with respect to deadlines set for referred disputes.
Likewise, this organic law shall determine the functions which may not be compatible with that of Council member, the conditions of the first two renewals for a three -year term, as well as the procedure for replacing inactive members, either as a result of resignation or death during their term of
office.
ARTICLE 81
The Constitutional Council shall perform the functions assigned by the articles of the Constitution or the provisions of the organic laws. It shall furthermore decide on the validity of the election of the Members of Parliament and that of referendum operations.
Organic laws -before promulgation - and the Rules of Procedure of each House before implementation- shall be submitted to the Constitutional Council to look into their consistence with the Constitution. Before promulgation, laws may, for the same reason, be referred to the Constitutional Council by
the King, the Prime Minister, the President of the House of Representatives,the President of the House of Counsellors or one-fourth of the members making up one House or the other.
The Constitutional Council shall have one month to decide upon the special instances stated in the preceding two paragraphs. However, in case of emergency, the deadline may be reduced to eight days if so requested by the Govemment.
Regarding the above mentioned instances, referring law to the Constitutional Council shall entail the suspension of the deadline of the promulgation thereof.
No unconstitutional provision shall be promulgated or implemented.
Decisions of the Constitutional Council shall, in no way, be put into question. They shall, furthermore, be binding upon all public authorities, administrative and judicial sectors.
CHAPTER SEVEN:
THE JUDICIARY
ARTICLE 82
The Judiciary shall be independent from the legislative and executive branches.
ARTICLE 83
Sentences shall be passed and executed in the King's name
ARTICLE 84
Upon recommendations made by the Supreme Council of Magistracy, Magistrates shall be appointed by Royal Decrees.
ARTICLE 85
Magistrates in the bench shall be irremovable .
ARTICLE 86
The Supreme Council of Magistracy shall be presided over by the King. It shall further consist of
(a) the Minister of Justice as Vice-President;
(b) the First President of the Supreme Court;
(c) the Prosecutor General in the Supreme Court;
(d) the President of the First Chamber the Supreme Court;
(c) two representatives elected among magistrates of the Court of Appeal;
(i) four representatives elected among magistrates of first degree courts.
ARTICLE 87
The Supreme Council of Magistracy shall ensure the implementation of the guarantees granted magistrates regarding their promotion and discipline.
CHAPTER EIGHT :
THE HIGH COURT OF JUSIICE
ARTICLE 88
Members of the Government shall be penally responsible for crimes and felonies they may commit while exercising their functions.
ARTICLE 89
They may be indicted by the two Houses of Parliament and referred to the High Court of Justice for trial.
ARTICLE 90
The proposed draft for indictment must be signed by at least a quarter of the members of the House in which it was tabled first . It shall be examined successively by the two Houses and shall be approved only when an identical vote is cast by each House by secret ballot and a two- third majority of
its members with the exception of those members called upon to take part in conducting the prosecution and the investigation process and issuing the verdict.
ARTICLE 91
The High Court of Justice shall consist of equal numbers of members elected from the House of Representatives and the House of Counsellors. Its President shall be appointed by Royal Decree.
ARTICLE 92
An organic law shall determine the number of the High Court members, the method of their election and the Rules of Procedure to be adopted.
CHAPTER NINE:
THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
ARTICLE 93
An Economic and Social Council shall be established.
ARTICLE 94
The Economic and Social Council may be consulted by the Government, as well as the House of Representatives and the House of Counsellors on all matters of economic or social nature. It shall give its opinion on the general guidelines pertaining to the national economy and training programmes.
ARTICLE 95
The constitution, organisation, prerogatives and rules of procedure of the Economic and Social Council shall be determined by an organic law.
CHAPTER TEN:
THE AUDIT COURT
ARTICLE 96
The Audit Court shall be responsible for conducting overall supervision of the implementation of the budget.It shall ensure the sound conduct of receipt and expenditure operations and evaluate the management of agencies placed under its control by law.
It shall also take action, when necessary, against violation of the rules governing such operations.
ARTICLE 97
The Audit Courts shall provide assistance to Parliament and the government in its fields of competence as defined by the law.
It shall report to the king on all its activities
ARTICLE 98
Regional Audit Court shall be responsible for checking the accounts and assessing the management of local governments and their groups.
ARTICLE 99
The terms of reference, organisation and rules of procedure of the Audit Court and regional Audit Courts shall be determined by law.
CHAPTER ELEVEN :
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
ARTICLE 100
The local government of the Kingdom shall consist of Regions, prefectures, provinces and communes. No other form of local government may be established except by law.
Article 101
Local assemblies shall be elected to be responsible for the conduct of their affairs on the basis of democratic principles and in accordance with provisions defined by law.
Governors shall carry out decisions by provincial, prefelectoral and regional assemblies in accordance with the conditions set by the law.
ARTICLE 102
In the provinces, prefectures and regions, governors shall represent the State and see to it that the law is enforced. They shall be responsible for the implementation of Government decisions and, to the end, for the management of local departments of Government agencies.
CHAPTER TWELVE :
REVISING THE CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE 103
The king, the House of Representatives and the House of Counsellors shall have the right to initiate a revision of the Constitution.
The King shall have the right to submit, directly for referundum, the revision project he may initiate .
ARTICLE 104
A proposal for revision submitted by one or more members of one of the two Houses shall be adopted only if voted on by a two -third majority of the members of the House concerned. The proposal shall be submitted to the other House which may adopt it by a two -third majority of its members.
ARTICLE 105
Revision projects and proposals shall be submitted to the nation for referendum by Royal Decree.
A revision of the Constitution shall be definitive after approval by referendum.
ARTICLE 106
Neither the State system of monarchy nor the prescriptions related to the religion of Islam may be subject to a constitutional revision.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN :
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
ARTICLE 107
Pending the election of the Houses of Parliament provided for in the present Constitution, the current House of Representatives shall continue to discharge its duties, namely by passing the laws required for the setting up of the new Houses of Parliament, without prejudice to the implementation of
the provisions of article 27.
ARTICLE 108
Pending the setting up of the Constitutional Council whose membership shall be composed in accordance with the provisions of the present Constitution, the current Constitutional Council shall continue to discharge the duties conferred upon it by the Constitution and the organic laws.
שנער פנחס, "התנועה הלאומית במרוקו", עמוד 319
Hart d.m. "Scratch a moroccan, find a berber", pp.24-25
WEITZMAN , ibid, p.29.1
gershovich moshe :"french military rule in morocco" p.216.
AMITAI PREISS REUVEN, MONGOLS AND MAMLUKS, pp.18-36.
שנער, שם, עמוד 321.
שטאל אברהם, תולדות יהודי מרוקו, עמוד 18.
שנער פנחס, "התנועה הלאומית במרוקו", עמוד 321.
CROSS MAIRE GRAY TIM, THE French regime, OXFORD, 1992.
RAYMOND BETTS, ASSIMILATION AND ASSOSOATION IN FRENCH COLONIAL THEORY, 1890-1990, N.Y., 1992
Stewart charles The economy of morocco p.154
http://www.arab.net/morocco/index.html
"ממלכת מרוקו בסבך הניגודים הפנימיים" עמוד 2
"ממלכת מרוקו בסבך הניגודים הפנימיים" עמוד 2.
"ממלכת מרוקו בסבך הניגודים הפנימיים" עמוד 1.
"ממלכת מרוקו בסבך הניגודים הפנימיים", עמוד 1.
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/africa/2004/content.html
Stern n (2000) globalization, reform and poverty reduction p 54/
Zaluda a "Pulliam v Allen L Harmonzing judical accoountability for civil rights" 34 am. Univ l. rev (1985) pp.551-552
שמיר שמעון, תולדות הערבים במזרח התיכון בעת החדשה, עמוד 209.
http://www.mincom.gov.ma/english/generalities/state_st/constitution.htm

תגים:

שלטון · מרוקו · צרפת · צפון · אפריקה

אפשרויות משלוח:

ניתן לקבל ולהזמין עבודה זו באופן מיידי במאגר העבודות של יובנק. כל עבודה אקדמית בנושא "המשטר במרוקו לאחר עזיבת הצרפתים", סמינריון אודות "המשטר במרוקו לאחר עזיבת הצרפתים" או עבודת מחקר בנושא ניתנת להזמנה ולהורדה אוטומטית לאחר ביצוע התשלום.

אפשרויות תשלום:

ניתן לשלם עבור כל העבודות האקדמיות, סמינריונים, ועבודות המחקר בעזרת כרטיסי ויזה ומאסטרקרד 24 שעות ביממה.